At 915 ft, the aluminum and reflective glass clad tower, the Citigroup Center is one of the tallest building in Midtown Manhattan. But what really makes this skyscraper stand out are the triangular rooftop and the four massive 114ft columns on which the building seems to float.

Those columns were the result of an agreement between Citibank and the St. Peter's Lutheran Church. The church owned a valuable property in Midtown, occupying one third of a city block on Lexington Avenue and 54th street. In the 1960s the church faced financial problems and wanted to sell its property.
At the same time Citibank, which was located just across the street, was looking to expand. Thus the church sold its property to Citibank, but only on the condition that the bank would build a new church replacing their 1904 Gothic Revival church. The two parties also agreed that the new St. Peter's church had to be a distinctive building, not incorporated in the office tower.

As a result, the architects faced a problem: they needed to build an office tower on the block while at the same time providing enough space at the base for the construction of a church building. The solution was raising the building on four tall columns and a supporting core. The columns were placed at the center of each side rather than at the corners. This way, the design opened enough space in the northwest corner for the new St. Peter's Church.

After the purchase of the property of the St. Peter's church, five more years were needed for Citibank to buy the rest of the block. The purchases were done by different companies since property prices would rise dramatically if the owners found out a large bank planned to develop the site. Construction of the tower started in 1972 by Hugh Stubbins & Associates, assisted by Emery Roth & Sons. The skyscraper opened in 1977 as the Citibank Center. With the company's expansion, the building was first renamed Citicorp Center and later Citigroup Center.

The Citigroup Center was the first tower in Manhattan that parted with the then prevalent Internationalist Style. Instead of a flat top, the designers gave the building a distinctive angled roof line. The original plans to construct setback penthouses on the roof were abandoned due to zoning restrictions. It was then intended as a solar panel, but never used as such. The rooftop now houses the building's mechanical equipment, including a computer controlled tuned mass damper. This 400 ton block of concrete slides on a thin layer of oil. The inertia of the damper reduces the swaying of the building by up to 40%.

The construction of the Citigroup Center revitalized the area and several office towers were built in its vicinity. The most notable of these is probably Philips Johnson's nearby postmodern >Lipstick Building.
The Citigroup Center includes a large sunken plaza and a 7 story atrium at the base of the tower with three stories of restaurants and shops. The plaza and atrium are directly accessible from one of New York's busiest subway stations.

More than any other building in the world, the Empire State Building represents the ambition of humans to build towers that reach for the skies. It probably is New York's best known landmark and is prominent on many postcards.
It also features in many films, but the film that made it even more famous then it already was, was the classic King Kong in 1933. Even today, though the building has been stripped from its record, it is a symbol of New York itself and is visited by more than 2 million tourists each year.

At the time it was built on 5th. Avenue, it broke all records and was dubbed 'the 8th world wonder'. It had 64 elevators (now 73) and was built in only 1 year, 45 days. Its 381 meters wouldn't be topped until 1972, when the twin World Trade Towers eclipsed the Empire State Building.

You can visit the Empire State Building from where you have a magnificent view. The Empire State Building is situated south of Midtown, away from the skyscraper clusters downtown in the financial district and midtown, so this is one of the few places in Manhattan where you have a great 360 degrees view.


Views from the Empire State Building Observatory:

UN Secretariat	Chrysler Building	Times Square	Rockefeller Cent.

Grand Central Terminal is one of the two monumental gateways that were built in the heyday of railway transportation.
The monumental railway station was constructed in 1903-1913 for the New York and Harlem Railroad company. It is a grand Beaux-Arts building which serves as a transportation hub connecting train, metro, car and pedestrian traffic in an efficient way. It has 67 train tracks on two different levels.
The other, even grander railway station - the Penn Station - was built in 1902-1911 after a design by Charles McKim. In an act of vandalism, the monumental landmark was destroyed in 1963-1966 and replaced by a banal railway station and office tower. The Grand Central Terminal almost suffered a similar fate but thanks to New York City's new landmark preservation laws, the building was able to escape the wrecking ball.

The current Grand Central Terminal was not the first railway station at 42nd street and Park Avenue. As early as in 1863 Cornelius Vanderbilt, known as 'the Commodore' consolidated railroad lines including the Harlem Railroad and New York Central Railroad. By the end of the decade the need for a large railway station became apparent.
In 1869, Vanderbilt commissioned architect John B. Snook to build the largest railway station in the world on a large property at 42nd street. The Grand Central Station featured a large glass and steel train shed (650ft long, 100ft high and 200ft wide). But increasing traffic and the smoke from the steam engines obscured vision in the Park Avenue tunnel, causing an accident in 1902. 17 People were killed and a public outcry called for electrification of the railway system. This resulted in a new state law requiring that steam engines would not be allowed in Manhattan, starting in 1910.
Shortly after the accident, the New York Central Railroad proposed plans for a larger Grand Central station. The costly electrification and construction of the new railway station was compensated by the use of air rights: Electrification made it possible for the tracks to be paved over all the way to 49th street. Developers were allowed to construct buildings on top of it, but had to pay an extra sum to the railway company, the so-called air rights.

In 1903 a competition was held for the design of the new Grand Central. The firm of Reed and Stem was chosen. William K. Vanderbilt II, one of the descendants of the 'Commodore' asked Warren and Wetmore to collaborate with Reed and Stem. While the latter were responsible for the overall design, Warren and Wetmore were responsible for the architectural details and Beaux-Arts style.
The project included not just the new railway station, but a whole complex with office buildings and apartments, which became known as 'Terminal City'. This was a 'city in the city' complex, similar to the concept of the Rockefeller Center created several decades later. Special attention was paid to the circulation of traffic. Pedestrians and cars are separated by special elevated ramps which lead the cars around the railway station.
Construction of the Grand Central Terminal lasted 10 years and cost 80 million dollars. In the process, 180 buildings between 42nd and 50th street, including hospitals and churches, were demolished. The railway station officially opened on sunday February 2, 1913. But it would last until 1927 before the station was fully operational.

The building's facade on 42nd Street has a true beaux-arts design. Large arches flanked by Corinthian columns are topped by a large sculpture group designed by Jules-Alexis Coutain. The 50 ft high group depicts Mercury (the god of commerce) supported by Minerva and Hercules (representing mental and moral strength). Inside, the main concourse is most impressive. It is 470ft long, 160ft wide and 150ft high. The ceiling is painted by the French artist Paul Helleu. The design with zodiac constellations was taken from a medieval manuscript. Light enters the main concourse through three 75ft arched windows. The western double staircase in Botticino marble was designed after the large staircase in the former . It connects the main concourse with the entrance on the Vanderbilt Avenue. The floor of the concourse if of Tennessee marble, the walls of Caen stone.

In 1994, the firms of LaSalle Partners and Williams Jackson Ewing were chosen by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority to redevelop the Grand Central Terminal. The firms were chosen for their successful renovation of another Beaux-Arts icon, the Union Station in Washington DC. The MTA's goal was to increase revenue while restoring the building's former grandeur. This was achieved by renovating the large public areas, removing former alterations (like lowered ceilings), adding a new entrance and creating a retail mall and food court, similar to the renovation project in Washington D.C. During the 197 million dollar restoration process, a large iron eagle was added on top of the new Lexington Avenue & 43rd Street entrance. This eagle once adorned the first Grand Central station in 1898.